Educational Institutions and Indoctrination

The concept of indoctrination is typically used to characterize the actions individual educators. However, it has become increasingly common for citizens raise concerns about indoctrinatory effects institutions such as schools and universities. Are worries fundamentally misconceived, or might some state affairs obtain under which can be rightly said that an educational institution engaged in indoctrination? In this paper Christopher Martin outlines what institutional could mean. He then uses Jürgen Habermas's discourse theory order develop a specific conception indoctrination: indoctrinates when exercises its authority support deliberative norm belief P ought exempt from tests challenges truth rightness just because P. argues undermines conditions symmetrical inclusive public essential development knowledge understanding among free equal citizens. That is, involves closing mind.